神经科学与心理学2018journals.sagepub.com
年龄与智慧相关表现之间的关系(1999)
The relationship between age and wisdom-related performance (1999)
进阶 · 约 45 分钟读完前置知识:发展心理学基础、心理测量与相关研究设计、柏林智慧范式(Baltes 学派)
导读
这篇 1999 年的论文(出自 Staudinger 等关于柏林智慧范式的研究脉络)考察年龄与"智慧相关表现"之间的关系,即智慧是否随年龄增长而提升。核心问题在于:智慧作为一种可测量的认知与人格特质,与生理年龄之间究竟存在怎样的相关。
HN 关注点:HN 读者围绕"智慧能否被量化"以及"年龄、阅历与智慧的真实关系"展开争论,评论多结合个人经历与对心理学量化研究的质疑。
后来怎么样
该文整合了柏林智慧范式下多项研究,得出“智慧相关表现与年龄仅弱相关、成年后趋于平台甚至高龄段下降”的结论,成为智慧心理学中被反复引用的基础性综述,塑造了此后“智慧不等于年长”的研究框架。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里:质疑 1 补充 1 亲历 2
亲历亲身经历说明智慧更多来自苦难而非年龄。
我发现苦难似乎是传授智慧最好的方式。大学毕业几年后,我觉得自己和毕业那天没多大区别,但后来有一天出了件事,我连续几个月陷入自杀性抑郁,每天都承受巨大的痛苦。等我走出来时,我已经变成了另一个人。人们不断告诉我:这是个机会,如果你愿意,可以借它成长。我想我确实成长了,也明白了尽管那段经历糟透了,但我从中得到了别处得不到的东西。
ilovecaching查看英文原文
I've found that hardship seems to be the best at imparting wisdom. Several years out of college I don't think I was very different from the day I graduated, but then one day something happened to me and I was suicidally depressed for months and experiencing immense amounts of pain every day. When I came out the other side I was a different person. People kept telling me: This is an opportunity. You can use it to grow if you want. I think I did, and I think it taught me that as much as it sucked, I gained something I would not have otherwise have had from the experience.
亲历年长者自述:感受到的是万物互联与共情,而非可定义的智慧。
作为一个按时间标准算老的人,提供一个轶事性数据点。我说不上自己比 25 岁或 50 岁时更有智慧,肯定是不一样了,但我仍不清楚"智慧"到底指什么。不过随着年龄增长,我越来越看到现象之间相互关联的程度,以及由此带来的复杂性和意外后果。这让我倾向于在慷慨和共情的方向上犯错。不过,如果能知道"智慧"是什么,感觉会很好——就算它咬我屁股,我也不确定自己认得出它。话说回来,去读 Staudinger 的论文吧(SciHub 是你的朋友)。设个提醒,每次年龄翻倍时重新思考这些问题,你会对自己的结果感兴趣。
ridgeguy查看英文原文
Anecdotal data point from one who's old, by chronological criteria. I can't say I feel wiser than I was at 25 or 50. Different, definitely. I'm still unclear what constitutes "wise". But as I age, I increasingly see the degree to which phenomena are interconnected, and the knock-on implications regarding complexity and unanticipated consequences. It biases me to err in the direction of generosity and empathy. Still, it would feel good to know what "wise" is. Not sure I'd recognize it if it bit me in the butt. That said, go read Staudinger's paper (SciHub is your friend). Set a reminder to rethink these issues everytime your age doubles. You'll be interested in your results.
补充决定智慧的是经验广度与深度,而非年龄本身。
重要的是经验。一个接触不同情境较少的年长者,可能总体上给不出好建议;但如果你问他们自己长期深耕的特定领域,你会惊讶于其中的智慧。
czardoz查看英文原文
It's experience that matters. An elder person with less exposure to different situations may not be able to offer good advice in general, but ask them about their own specific niche on which they've spent a lot of time, and you'll be amazed at the wisdom there.
质疑质疑用定量方法研究"智慧"这种随历史变化的社会概念。
像这样试图把一个本质上不断变化的社会性概念——智慧——与精确的量化指标挂钩或做相关的研究,是愚蠢的。无论作者如何限定,以确保他们对智慧的定义像某个具体数字一样空洞无用,这项研究的宏大主张都显得他们似乎根本没意识到:定性概念会变化,并取决于影响概念使用者的全部条件。我们今天(2018 年)所说的智慧,与古希腊人或经院哲学家所说的智慧完全不同——这个概念的力量、历史和模糊边界就是如此,而用这种量化方式研究这类概念,其意义在被提出之前就已自我否定。
voidhorse查看英文原文
Studies like this that try to pin or correlate a fundamentally changing, social concept like wisdom with precise quantitative fixtures are idiotic. No matter the qualifications the authors might make to ensure their definition of wisdom is as empty and useless as that of a specific number, the grand claim of the study makes it sound as if they hadn’t even grasped that qualitative concepts are subject to change and depend upon the entire universe of conditions that impinge upon the concept’s users. What we mean by wisdom today in 2018 and what, for example, the ancient Greeks or scholastics meant by wisdom is entirely different, such is the power, history, and blurry bounds of the concept—and the point of studying these concepts in such a quantitative fashion is refuted before it’s even made.
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