神经科学与心理学2016psychology.stanford.edu编辑精选
对智力的赞扬会削弱儿童的动机与表现（1998）
Praise for Intelligence Can Undermine Children's Motivation (1998)
入门 · 约 45 分钟读完前置知识：发展心理学基础、实验设计基础
导读
这篇 1998 年的经典论文（Dweck 等人）通过实验研究表扬方式对儿童动机的影响：夸孩子“聪明”（表扬智力）会让他们回避挑战、害怕失败，而表扬努力则更能培养坚持性。结论是智力型夸奖可能损害孩子的动机和后续表现。
HN 关注点：HN 读者多为家长和教育关注者，讨论焦点是“夸聪明还是夸努力”这一育儿实践问题，以及对 Dweck“成长型思维”研究可靠性的质疑。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里：质疑 1 补充 1 亲历 2
质疑推荐对成长型思维研究的批判性资料，暗示其结论可能被夸大
有人对 Dweck 的“成长型思维”研究做了一系列有趣的批判性分析，见 Slate Star Codex 的四篇文章（附链接）。
moyix查看英文原文
There is an interesting and critical look at Dweck's work on "growth mindset" here: http://slatestarcodex.com/2015/04/08/no-clarity-around-growth-mindset-yet/ http://slatestarcodex.com/2015/04/10/i-will-never-have-the-ability-to-clearly-explain-my-beliefs-about-growth-mindset/ http://slatestarcodex.com/2015/04/22/growth-mindset-3-a-pox-on-growth-your-houses/ http://slatestarcodex.com/2015/05/07/growth-mindset-4-growth-of-office/
亲历亲历：既肯定聪明又强调聪明不够，坦诚沟通反而有效
我告诉女儿她很聪明，但聪明对我们来说还不够——我们自己也聪明，能看出她什么时候偷懒撒谎。这招很有效，虽然她花了不少时间才相信我们。长期来看她很感激我们的诚实。对聪明孩子这招应该普遍管用：你不跟他们玩心理游戏，他们也就不跟你玩。她还是会跟其他大人耍心眼，我只会提醒她这会侵蚀信任，毕竟大人们对她也不完全诚实。
Practicality查看英文原文
I tell my child she is smart AND that that isn't enough for us. We know she is smart, but so are we and we can tell when she is slacking and lying. It's actually working very well, but it took quite a while for her to believe us. In the long run she is showing a deep appreciation for how honest we are with her. This would likely work with most smarter children. If you don't play mind games with them they will stop trying to play mind games on you. -- Edit on my side note here -- She still plays games with most other adults but I would be a hypocrite to try to eliminate it completely. Mostly I just caution her on how it erodes trust and trust is very valuable. Besides, most adults are not completely honest with her so it's only fair.
亲历亲历印证：被夸“聪明”导致逃避努力，直到被制度纠正
我可以证实这一点。小时候每个老师都对我和父母说我天赋异禀，于是我觉得自己够聪明，不用像别人那样花时间上学，经常缺课，高中有课程出勤率不到 50%，只靠最后两周突击通过考试。最后一年，母语课老师拒绝让我参加考试：“我知道你能考过，但你缺课超过一半。”校长还对我父母说：别的孩子每天到校、做作业、努力学，而你儿子聪明却不上课不做作业，这给其他孩子树立了什么榜样？好像不用努力、只要聪明就能过关。
lossolo查看英文原文
I can confirm that. When i was child, every teacher said to me and my parents that i am so gifted, so smart. And i thought i am so smart that i don't need to spend so much time on school like others. So i missed on school a lot. In high school there were classes on which i was less than 50% throughout the semester. And it was ok, i needed only 2 last weeks to pass all the tests. In last year i did the same, again i needed to do tests because i had low grades and needed to pass whole semester on that tests. But this time there was a teacher of my native language (literature etc) and she told me "I know you will pass the test but you was more than 50% of time absent on my lessons i will not let you take test" and i was shocked. Why? Why she didn't let me take the test, i would pass it. And then headmaster of my school told my parents that "lot of kids are coming every day to school, they learn, they do homework for every class, they are hard workers and then there is your son, gifted, smarter than the rest, he only needs 2 last weeks to learn and pass the tests, he is not coming to class, he is not doing homework, how he looks in contrast to other students? What example he is giving to them? That you do not need to work hard, you only need to be gifted and smart and you can go by. There is no justice in this, we can't make that kind of example, showing that you do not need to come to school, make homework and still get promoted to next year like all those kids that come every day to school, are hard workers, learn, do homework". They didn't promoted me to next class, i needed to repeat it. That was the most valuable lesson i had in that school. EDIT: What i wrote about lesson was not meant in a good way. As someone said in comments i was punished for being different - that was the lesson.
补充实践困惑：如何找到像“你真聪明”一样顺口的“夸努力”用语
求一个“你真聪明”的对应说法——用来夸智力努力而非智力的简短口语。我 8 个半月大的孩子对“Good Job”及其变体反应很好，但“我看得出你为此很努力，太棒了”这种句子实在拗口，很难像“Good job”那样成为孩子本能理解的口头禅。
Fordrus查看英文原文
Putting a little TL;DR up here on top, because I'd really like to see folks' answers to this: What's the simple-language equivalent of, "You're so smart," or "That was so smart," but for intellectual effort? Now, regularly scheduled thoughts :) : What is a good, short method/word for praising effort? with my 8.5-month old, "Good Job," specific variants on it ("Good Job climbing that staircase, tiny!") and such have worked wonderfully, but I seek something more- It's so easy to praise a child's intelligence - "You're so smart!" "That's so clever!" - but much harder to praise effort, in my experience so far, because "I can tell you worked so hard to do that, that's so great!" just doesn't roll off the tongue very well! And this is important- "Good job!" is at the nexus of how I praise my little boy partially because he totally understand it. He's got that, even if he may not know the individual words exactly, he absolutely knows what Daddy means when, "Good job, baby!" comes out of daddy's mouth. I have VERY LOW FAITH that I could get, "I can tell you worked so hard to do that, that's so great!" to work the same! (Incidentally, I also now feel I know more about why, in America at least, we often say, "I'm doing good," and variants thereof, instead of "I'm doing well." "Well" just isn't in the primal vocabulary quite as deeply, maybe because of its association with "Well, I was going to, but then I didn't," type of statements. "Good" is simple and meaningful, and I often find myself telling my son he's done something so "good," and then correcting myself a little, because, well, I want to teach him correct grammar, but more than that, I want to communicate with him meaningfully - and "good" gets a meaning across with which he's already familiar, while "well" does not, and has other common uses.) So what's the simple-language equivalent of, "You're so smart," or "That was so smart," but for intellectual effort? Maybe I need to invent a word for this and see if it catches on! :D
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