神经科学与心理学2022journals.sagepub.com
认知能力与支持言论自由相关（2020）
Cognitive ability is related to supporting freedom of speech (2020)
入门 · 约 30 分钟读完前置知识：社会心理学基础、统计学基础
导读
这篇 2020 年的论文研究认知能力与支持言论自由之间的关系，发现认知能力较高的人更倾向于支持言论自由。不过 HN 上的讨论主要集中在对研究方法的质疑上：样本来自 Mechanical Turk，认知能力的测量仅依赖词汇测验等弱代理指标。
HN 关注点：论文的结论触及言论自由与'聪明人更宽容'这一敏感话题，而其明显薄弱的方法论（MTurk 样本、词汇测验作为智力代理）引发了大量关于研究质量和政治极化的讨论。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里：质疑 3 亲历 1
质疑样本和测量方式都不可靠，结论完全可以反向解读
值得深挖一下这篇研究的方法：参与者是通过 Mechanical Turk 招募的，认知能力的代理指标是一个词汇测验。你同样可以用这项研究来证明：那些处境窘迫到不得不为每小时几美分打工的高学历人群，只是被社会化地训练成了会就言论自由相关问题给出'正确'答案而已。
idlewords查看英文原文
It's worth digging into the methodology here: the study participants were found through Mechanical Turk, and the proxy for cognitive ability is a vocabulary quiz. You can just as well use this study to show that the kind of highly educated people whose circumstances are dire enough they have to work for pennies an hour have been socialized into giving correct answers about questions pertaining to freedom of speech.
质疑用语言能力代理智力是政治极化话语的核心谬误，聪明不等于能说会道
这个方法论缺陷本身就很有意思：用语言表达能力作为认知能力的代理来关联政治态度，可以说是当今互联网时代高度极化政治的一个关键特征。人们总说'大多数人很蠢'，这大错特错——大多数人其实很聪明，只是不善于表达。生存和繁衍一直是对智力的残酷筛选，而'高度读写能力'成为通往高地位的路径只是晚近的事。这就是为什么我身边的沿海左翼朋友总是困惑甚至愤怒于国内其他地区的人投票支持那些表达糟糕的政策：沉默的大多数明白'进步'为何对他们不利，只是说不清楚。这让他们自以为明显正确，却屡屡在选举中落败。
benreesman查看英文原文
The methodological flaw here is amusingly it’s own fascinating study: using some verbal sophistication proxy as a cognitive ability proxy to correlate political attitudes is arguably the key feature of modern hyper-polarized, Internet-speed news cycle politics. It’s difficult to watch a screen without hearing some version of “most people are stupid”. This is deeply wrong: most people are very smart, but this is difficult for the well-educated, because most people are inarticulate. Surviving, let alone reproducing in meaningful numbers, has almost always been a ruthless selection process on intelligence, but hyper-literacy is a path to high status that has only recently become available to people in large numbers, and even then only in some places (in the US where I live, smarty-pants hyper-literacy is dramatically higher status on the urban coasts for example). This is why so many of my fellow coastal lefties are always befuddled if not enraged that huge blocks of the rest of the country (and world) vote with their ballots or feet or both for very poorly-articulated policies and agendas: the (to borrow a dangerous phrase) “sullen, silent majority” understands why “progress” is bad for them, but doesn’t articulate it well. This leads to a combination of feeling obviously right, but getting trounced at the polls rather often.
质疑数据分组和测量指标都很糟糕，质疑其发表价值
这项研究似乎基于对人群可疑分类的可疑标注，再与一个很弱的认知能力代理指标相关联（比如'同性恋者能答对多少词语联想'——这真的是分析中的一个单元格）。而且它没有回答任何有趣的问题。这种东西怎么发得出来的？
tgv查看英文原文
It seems to be based on data grouped on questionable labeling of dubious grouping of people, correlated with a weak proxy of cognitive ability (How many word associations do homosexuals get right; that's really one of the cells in the analysis). And it answers nothing of interest. How is this publishable?
亲历亲历者感叹美国言论自由共识的衰落，追问成因
我在美国长大时一直被告知言论自由是一种美德，是我们国家做得很好的事情，我一直以为这是共识价值观。看到它在如此短的时间内发生变化，我非常惊讶——或者也许它从来就没有我想象的那么普及，只是我以前没注意到。是互联网导致越来越多人认为言论自由是坏东西吗？还是一直如此？
Dig1t查看英文原文
I grew up in the US being told that freedom of speech was a virtue, something that our country did very well and I always thought that it was a shared value. It's very surprising to me to see that change in such a short span, or possibly it was not as popular or widespread as I thought it was growing up and I just never noticed. Is it the internet that has caused this uptick in the number of people who think free speech is a bad idea? Or has it always been like that?
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