生物与医学2021pnas.org
狼使道路更安全
Wolves make roadways safer
入门 · 约 30 分钟读完前置知识：生态学基础概念、统计学基础
导读
这篇 PNAS 论文研究狼重新引入后对道路安全的影响：狼通过制造“恐惧景观”改变鹿的行为，使其减少在道路附近活动，从而降低鹿与车辆碰撞事故，效果超出单纯减少鹿群数量的作用。
HN 关注点：生态学中捕食者行为的间接效应，以及用经济价值量化自然资源的保护策略。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里：支持 2 补充 1 亲历 1
支持用经济价值量化自然资源是推动保护的有效手段，鹿车碰撞代价巨大
这让我想起多年前一个口号为“像山一样思考”的组织。创始人注意到过多的鹿把山上的植被啃光了，于是得出结论：重新引入狼对建立可持续的生态环境至关重要。在美国，鹿与车辆碰撞使鹿成为对人类最致命的动物：每年造成约 200 人死亡和 11 亿美元的财产损失。我环境学课程的一部分是量化自然资源的经济价值，我做过旧金山湾区湿地的案例研究。美国曾出钱让人填沼泽造“生产性”土地，后来发现沼泽有各种有用的价值，于是把名字从 swamp 改成 wetlands，重塑公众形象并逆转政策，现在保护和恢复这类区域。量化自然资源对人类的经济价值是说服人们保护它的好办法——这不是“慈善”，也不应被视为牺牲。因为执迷于某些东西而毁掉世界，我们是在自断喉咙。
DoreenMichele查看英文原文
I am reminded of an organization I read about years ago with the tag line "Seeing like a mountain." It was founded by someone who noticed that excess deer were stripping the mountain of vegetation and they concluded that reintroducing wolves was important for creating a sustainable environment. In the US, deer-vehicle collisions make deer the deadliest animal for people that we have in this country. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-deadliest-animals-in-the-us.html In the US: Deer–vehicle collisions lead to about 200 human deaths and $1.1 billion in property damage every year. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer%E2%80%93vehicle_collisions Part of my incomplete BS in Environmental Studies was a class in quantifying the economic value of natural resources. I did a case study on wetlands in the San Francisco Bay Area that are currently quietly being threatened by the county rail plan. The US used to pay people to fill in swamps and create "productive" land and then learned that swamps do useful and valuable things of various sorts. We updated the name from swamp to wetlands, overhauled their public image and reversed policy. We now protect and restore such areas. Quantifying the economic value to humans of a natural resource is a good means to convince people it needs protecting and it is in your best interest to protect it. This is not "charity" and shouldn't be viewed as a sacrifice. We are cutting our own throats when we ruin the world because of fixation on some overly simplified idea that it needs to put money directly into our pockets for humans to care about it. One of the best ways to fight such entrenched ideas is to quantify just how much it costs us to think that way.
支持狼通过改变鹿的行为而非仅减少数量来提升道路安全
很棒的文章。他们展示了狼制造出一种“恐惧景观”，使鹿减少与道路的接触。所以狼做到了猎人做不到的事：不仅是减少种群数量，还改变了行为。如果你是鹿，这挺瘆人的！
dr_dshiv查看英文原文
Really cool article. They show that Wolves create a “landscape of fear” which reduces deer engagement with roads. So wolves do what hunters can’t; not just reducing populations but also changing behavior. Kind of creepy, if you are a deer!
亲历亲历鹿车碰撞：损失远不止撞车本身，后续救援和保险都很麻烦
撞上鹿只是开始。我们曾在一条半荒野公路上行驶，一只中等体型的鹿从前方约 50 码的深排水沟里踉跄爬上来。我从 65-70 英里/小时减速到 50 还是撞上了，鹿滑行后掉进对面深沟。减速把损失限制在 1 万美元，但车已无法行驶，散热器被撞瘪、液体流光。幸好是炎热的七月下午，15 分钟后一辆对向卡车经过，司机结束了鹿的痛苦。若是冬天日落后，可能要几小时才会被发现。那是 90 年代没有手机，我们等了许久才找到拖车，小镇上没有修理店，又等了一小时亲戚才从大镇赶来。保险公司赔付后直接退保了。我从此再也不在中午之后走那条路。
8bitsrule查看英文原文
Hitting the deer is just the beginning. We were driving on a semi-wilderness highway when a medium-sized deer staggered up from a deep drainage ditch on the same side of the road, about 50 yards ahead. Managed to slow from 65-70 to 50 mph before hitting the animal, which slid along the highway and into the deep ditch on the other side. The slowdown helped limit the van's damage to $10,000, but it was undriveable. Even if we somehow removed the hood (bent in two over the unbroken windshield), all the fluid had ran out of the crushed radiator and into the semi-wilderness ditch. Luckily it was a hot July afternoon, and a truck going the opposite way came along in 15 minutes. The driver put the deer out of its misery. Had it been in the winter, after sundown, it might have taken hours just to be found. Happened in the 1990s (no mobiles), so we waited for a vehicle heading toward the nearest little town to find a tow -truck. With the van towed to that town (no repair shop), it was another hour before relatives arrived from the bigger town (that tow-truck had a repair shop). The insurance company paid for the repair, then dropped the policy. I never drove that route after noon again.
补充主张扩大荒野面积，但需配合城市土地政策改革
我建议我们把更多土地还给自然，增加连片荒野的面积。但这不会受很多人欢迎，因为这意味着决定我们能住在哪里、不能住在哪里，一些城镇会因不可持续而被移除。为此我们还需要改进现有城镇的土地利用政策。
kiba查看英文原文
I would like to suggest we cede more of our land to nature, and increasing the amount of uninterrupted wilderness. But that's going to not be popular with a lot of people because it means deciding what area we get to live in or don't. Some towns are going to be removed for lack of sustainability. For this to work, we would need to also improve our land use policies in the towns and cities we currently live in.
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