能源、气候与材料2021cell.com
硬化木材：替代钢材与塑料的可再生材料
Hardened wood as a renewable alternative to steel and plastic
入门 · 约 45 分钟读完前置知识：材料力学基础、木材化学（木质素/纤维素）
导读
这篇发表在 Matter 上的论文提出一种“硬化木材”工艺：通过去除木质素并压缩等处理，使木材的硬度、强度大幅提升，号称可作为钢材和塑料的可再生替代品（据报道甚至可制成能切牛排的木刀）。评论者普遍质疑其“可再生”成色，因为工艺中大量使用树脂、胶粘剂等非木材材料。
HN 关注点：这类改性木材技术是否真正可再生、可持续，以及其力学性能和成本能否与钢材、塑料实际竞争。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里：质疑 3 补充 1
质疑质疑硬化木的“可再生”宣传，认为其本质仍是胶合/树脂复合材料
我一直对各种改性木材技术（硬化木、透明木等）很感兴趣，但总是失望，因为它们通常只是环氧树脂等非木材材料的小量支撑结构。这篇论文有一个压缩步骤，也许不同，但我很想知道它在任何有意义的意义上是否真的可再生。这让我想起那些号称可再生可持续的竹制品——其实完全不是。我爱竹子，但竹地板应该让你想到的是“胶合板”，而不是随风摇曳的速生竹林。又是一个胶水和环氧树脂的东西。
sfink查看英文原文
I've been intrigued for a while about various modified wood technologies (eg hardened wood, transparent wood), but I'm always disappointed because it usually ends up just being a minor support structure for a very non-wood material (generally epoxy). This one shows a compression step, so maybe it's different, but I'd really like more info on whether this is actually renewable or sustainable in any interesting sense. Very reminiscent of the supposedly renewable & sustainable bamboo products that are anything but. I love bamboo, but flooring should make you think "plywood" not "waving groves of fast-growing giant grasses". It's another glue and epoxy thing. Update: https://phys.org/news/2021-10-hardened-wooden-knives-slice-steak.html is a much better source.
质疑工程师指出论文缺乏韧性、强度、密度、成本等关键数据，无法与钢材塑料实际比较
我是机械工程师。这篇文章缺少很多细节，让人无法合理地把它与钢材、塑料或其他材料比较：硬材料通常脆、会突然失效，它的韧性如何？抗压强度、抗拉强度是多少？能用于加固混凝土吗？能输送液体或气体吗？受潮后强度会下降吗？密度多大？易燃吗？加工时容易损坏吗？当然还有最关键的问题——成本是多少？
tjmc查看英文原文
Mechanical engineer here. This article is very light on a lot of detail which would allow you to reasonably compare this material to steel, plastic or any other material. Just a few that come to mind: Hard materials are usually brittle materials that fail suddenly. How tough is it? ie. Can it accept some deformation without significant weakening and will it stretch or crack prior to failure? What is its compressive strength? What is it's tensile strength? Could it be used to reinforce concrete? Pipe liquids or gases? Does it's strength drop when it gets wet? How dense is it? How flammable is it? How easy is it to machine without damaging it? And of course the big one - how much does it cost?
质疑认为重度加工后的硬化木已不算木材，钢材耐用且加工少，难以被替代
木材可再生是指：种出来、切成有用的形状、使用寿命结束后可以堆肥。一旦加入大量加工、塑料和其他东西，它就不再是“木材”了。对于用胶水层压的胶合板来说，胶水才是产品中最昂贵、最重要的部分，而不是木材。替代钢材？我不这么认为。钢材在生态上确实不干净，但钢制品经久耐用，且通常只需最少的加工——不像这种硬化木方案。如果钢材是今天才出现的新材料，人们会为它的技术性能欢呼，只是它现在老了、不性感了。
canadian_tired查看英文原文
Wood is renewable when you can grow it, cut it up into useful shapes, then at the end of its useful life, compost it. As soon as you add a shit load of processing and plastic and other stuff it's not "wood" anymore than gasoline is a dead dinosaur. As for things like plywood that use glue for the laminations...glue is the most expensive and important part of the product. Not the wood so much. Replacing steel? I don't think so. Yes, steel is a dirty thing ecologically... but steel things last a long time... and require, in general minimal processing...unlike this hardened wood proposal. If steel showed up today as a new material, it would be lauded for all its technical properties. But it is now old and not so sexy.
补充补充介绍 HempWood 等类似可再生木材产品的价格、性能与环保特性
补充资料：HempWood（大麻木）价格与黑胡桃木相当，72 英寸板材约 13-40 美元；由于使用大豆基胶粘剂，天然无毒、不含 VOC，是更健康的室内建材；测试显示其翘曲扭曲的可能性更低，且设计上没有其他硬木常见的节疤以减少木材浪费。另外，大麻混凝土（hempcrete）需要框架支撑，可能可以用 HempWood——它比同规格的规格材更强。希望这些碳汇的生产和分销过程能保持净负碳。
westurner查看英文原文
From "Hemp Wood: A Comprehensive Guide" https://www.buildwithrise.com/stories/hempwood-the-sustainable-new-building-material : > HempWood is priced competitively to similar cuts of black walnut. You can purchase 72" HempWood boards for between $13 and $40 as of the date of publishing. HempWood also sells carving blocks, cabinets, and kits to make your own table. Prices for table kits range from $175 to $300. Jul 5, 2021 […] > Is Hemp Wood Healthy? Due to its organic roots and soy-based adhesive, hemp wood is naturally non-toxic and doesn't contain VOCs, making it a healthier choice for interior building. > Hemp wood has also been tested to have a decreased likelihood of warping and twisting. Its design is free of any of the knots common in other hardwoods to reduce wood waste. https://hempwood.com/ FWIU, hempcrete - hemp hurds and sustainable limestone - must be framed; possibly with Hemp Wood, which is stronger than spec lumber of the same dimensions. FWIU, Hemp batting insulation is soaked in sodium to meet code. Hopefully the production and distribution processes for these carbon sinks keeps net negative carbon in the black.
相关资源
从这篇论文所有 HN 讨论帖的全部评论里整理出来的链接。
历次讨论
- 2021Hacker News 讨论帖315 分 · 274 评
同领域还值得读
一种工程化 PET 解聚酶用于分解和回收塑料瓶
An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles
通过蛋白质工程改造 PET 解聚酶，使其在较高温度下仍保持活性，从而更有效地把废弃 PET 瓶解聚为单体；随后再将单体重新聚合成符合工业强度、延展性和色泽标准的水瓶，展示了实验室…
能源、气候与材料2020 · 250 分 · 85 评专业 · 约 80 分钟编辑精选直射阳光下低于环境温度的被动辐射制冷 (2014)
Passive radiative cooling below ambient airtemperature under direct sun (2014)
这篇 Nature 论文（斯坦福 Fan 组，2014）展示了在直射阳光下实现低于环境气温的被动辐射制冷：用高反射率（约 95% 以上）的背面反射层配合二氧化硅等选择性发射结构，…
能源、气候与材料2021 · 145 分 · 66 评进阶 · 约 40 分钟编辑精选出现超出人类耐受极限的高温高湿天气
The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance (2020)
研究了全球范围内湿球温度（wet-bulb temperature）的观测记录，发现某些沿海地区已出现接近或超过 35°C 人类生存理论上限的高温高湿天气，比气候模型预测的时间更…
能源、气候与材料2020 · 570 分 · 509 评入门 · 约 45 分钟通过针对全球高污染电厂来减少 CO2 排放
Reducing CO2 emissions by targeting the world's hyper-polluting power plants
研究如何通过针对全球高污染发电厂来减少二氧化碳排放。
能源、气候与材料2021 · 289 分 · 219 评进阶 · 约 25 分钟通过高频日内交易最大化电池储能利润
Maximizing Battery Storage Profits via High-Frequency Intraday Trading
研究如何通过高频日内交易最大化电池储能系统（BESS）的利润，核心是在电价波动（包括负电价）下优化电池充放电调度，实现套利。
能源、气候与材料2025 · 283 分 · 269 评进阶 · 约 40 分钟