网络与分布式2025arxiv.org
让民主运转:修复并简化 Egalitarian Paxos
Making Democracy Work: Fixing and Simplifying Egalitarian Paxos
专业 · 约 60 分钟读完前置知识:分布式共识、Paxos 协议、状态机复制
导读
这篇论文重新审视了 Egalitarian Paxos(EPaxos)——一种不依赖固定 leader、由副本协作排序命令的共识协议,指出并修复了原协议(尤其是恢复/recovery 部分)中存在的问题,同时给出更简洁的协议表述。从评论看,原作者之一也认可这些修复,并讨论了用 TLA+ 或 Verus 做形式化验证的可能。
HN 关注点:HN 读者既关心分布式共识协议本身的技术细节(leaderless 与 multi-Paxos 的区分、恢复阶段的正确性),也热衷于把 Paxos/区块链类比为政治治理模型来争论。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里:质疑 2 补充 1 亲历 1
质疑质疑把共识协议类比民主,认为无领导的扁平决策不现实,关键在培养领导者。
有一种反复出现的倾向,把民主解读为“无领导的、基于共识的决策”,但这根本行不通,也从未成功过。这正是 Occupy 以及几乎所有类似的自下而上运动失败的原因:领导者是必要的。人们追随的是其他人,而不是算法或群体。“让民主运转起来”应当是培养更好的领导者、并把他们送入体制之中。
keiferski查看英文原文
There is a recurring trend of interpreting democracy to mean "leaderless consensus-based decision-making", which really doesn't work and never has. That's why Occupy and pretty much every other similar bottom-up movement failed: leaders are necessary. People follow other people, not algorithms or groups. "Making democracy work" should be about training better leaders and getting them into the system.
补充把 EPaxos/比特币的 leader 选举类比政治治理,主张分布式系统才是政治的未来。
> Egalitarian Paxos 引入了一种替代性的、无领导的方法,允许副本协作地对命令排序。 比特币正是这样运作的。每 10 分钟网络选出一个 leader 来分类、排序交易,并剔除欺诈交易。如果他没做好这件事,就不能领取区块奖励(技术上即“coinbase”交易)。我一直跟人说,政治的未来是市场与区块链。这很难完整讲清楚,奇怪的是还没有人就此写出一本透彻的书。我很高兴真的有人在写这方面的材料,尽管有点太技术了。计算机科学是政治与治理的未来。(我不觉得 AI 有用,有用的是分布式系统。)
max_查看英文原文
>Egalitarian Paxos introduced an alternative, leaderless approach, that allows replicas to order commands collaboratively. This is exactly how bitcoin works. Every 10 minutes the network elects a leader to assort & order transactions and also throw out fraudulent transactions. If he fails to do this, he is not allow to claim his block reward (technically the "coinbase" transaction) I keep telling people the future of politics is markets & Blockchains. Its hard to explain comprehensively and what's strange is that no one has written a thorough book on the topic. I am happy there are people actually writing such material on this topic. Albeit its a bit too technical. Computer science is the future of politics & governance. (I don't think AI is any useful but rather distributed systems)
质疑技术性挑刺:开头把 Paxos 说成依赖 leader 不准确,那是 multi-Paxos。
“经典的状态机复制协议,如 Paxos,依赖一个特定的 leader 进程来排序命令。”——那说的不是 multi-Paxos 吗?Paxos 本身是无领导的。这个开头句子很奇怪。
arielweisberg查看英文原文
“Classical state-machine replication protocols, such as Paxos, rely on a distinguished leader process to order commands.” Isn’t that multi-Paxos? Paxos is leaderless. Very odd opening sentence.
亲历EPaxos 原作者回应:后悔当年没形式化 recovery 部分,建议用 TLA+/Verus 验证修复版。
致 otrack 等人:感谢并祝贺!看到研究的齿轮不断推进令人欣慰。自我们写下最初的 EPaxos 论文以来,我对形式化、机器检验证明的重视与日俱增;当时我很高兴 Iulian 能用 TLA+ 把协议规格化,但现在回头看,真希望我们(或后来的学生)当时就推动把 recovery 部分也形式化,那样或许十年前就能发现这些问题。感谢你们发现并修复了它。你们自己考虑过把对协议的修改在 TLA+ 中形式化吗?我很好奇过去十年形式化领域的进展是否会让这件事更容易。或者更好的是——可以设想在 Ironfleet 或 Verus 这样的系统里做协议+实现的联合验证,那会非常酷,但大概要投入一个人年。补充:这大概会是个很棒的硕士论文课题。如果你们没打算往这个方向走,我可能会把这个想法告诉 Bryan Parno,看看这些年能不能找到感兴趣的人在 Verus 里验证/实现你们修复后的版本。请告知(如果我们开始这条路,我会联系你们)。
dgacmu查看英文原文
otrack et al.: Thank you and congratulations! It's gratifying seeing the wheels of research make progress. My appreciation of formal and machine-checked proofs has grown since we wrote the original EPaxos paper; I was delighted at the time at the degree to which Iulian was able to specify the protocol in TLA+, but now in hindsight wish we (or a later student) had made the push to get the recovery part formalized as well, so perhaps we'd have found these issues a decade ago. Kudos for finding and fixing it. Have you yourselves considered formalizing your changes to the protocol in TLA+? I wonder if the advances the formal folks have made over the last decade or so would ease this task. Or, perhaps better yet -- one could imagine a joint protocol+implementation verification in a system like Ironfleet or Verus, which would be tremendously cool and also probably a person-year of work. :) Edited to add: This would probably make a great masters thesis project. If y'all are not already planning on going there, I might drop the idea to Bryan Parno and see if we find someone one of these years who would be interested in verifying/implementing your fixed version in Verus. Let me know (or if we start down the path I'll reach out).
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