神经科学与心理学2024srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
棉花糖测试不能可靠预测成年后的表现
The Marshmallow Test does not reliably predict adult functioning
入门 · 约 30 分钟读完前置知识:棉花糖实验背景、心理学可重复性危机、基本统计概念(相关与混淆变量)
导读
这篇论文重新检验经典的棉花糖实验(延迟满足)能否预测成年后的功能表现,结论是这种预测并不可靠。它延续了近年来对原始小样本研究的复现与再分析,提示早期延迟满足与后续结果的关联可能较弱,并可能受到家庭社会经济因素影响。
HN 关注点:因为这是心理学最著名的实验之一,讨论焦点在复现危机、家庭收入等混淆因素,以及社会科学研究的可靠性。
后来怎么样
该论文与2018年Watts等人的大规模再分析共同推动了对延迟满足预测效力的重新评估,棉花糖实验作为意志力经典证据的地位被广泛质疑,结论被后续研究显著削弱。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里:质疑 2 补充 1 亲历 1
补充2018年复现研究显示相关性主要由家庭收入混淆,新研究进一步发现相关本身很弱。
2018年一项更大规模研究对原始研究结论提出质疑。原始研究只有90名学生,有人用900人做研究,发现了原始研究相同的相关性;但控制家庭收入后,大部分相关性消失了。显而易见的结论是:家庭收入同时预测无法延迟满足和更高学业成就。考虑到贫困家庭长大的孩子可能两者兼有,这就说得通:一是对物质资源的获取更不可靠、不连续、不可预测,因此他们理性上会抓住眼前机会,而不是冒险等待更大的未来机会;二是学业支持更少。现在这篇新研究更进一步,发现相关性本身就很弱。
rahimnathwani查看英文原文
The findings of the original study were called into question by a larger 2018 study[0]. The original study had 90 students. Some folks did a study with 900 people. They found the same correlation that the original study did. But when they controlled for household income, they found most of the correlation disappeared. The obvious conclusion is that household income is a predictor of both: - inability to delay gratification, and - higher academic achievement This makes sense when you consider that someone growing up in a poor household may have both: - less reliable/continuous/predictable access to material things, meaning they would rationally seize immediate opportunities rather than taking the risk of a larger future opportunity, and - less academic support Now, this new study (OP) goes even further, finding that the correlation itself is weak. [0] Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., & Quan, H. (2018). Revisiting the Marshmallow Test: A Conceptual Replication Investigating Links Between Early Delay of Gratification and Later Outcomes. Psychological Science, 29(7), 1159-1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618761661
亲历个人观察支持延迟满足和目标感与人生表现相关,但只是轶事证据。
从我的社交圈来看,这在轶事层面成立。和我一起长大、一起上学的人里,那些能延迟即时满足并有长期目标的人,最后过得相当不错;那些没有任何计划、随波逐流的人则表现不佳,只能勉强过活。在我自己的生活中,我也注意到有目标、有愿景时和只是机械度日时,表现差别很大。我认为你在生活所有重要领域(爱好、伴侣、职业、家庭、人际关系)都需要有目标、愿景和标准。
jti107查看英文原文
anedotally this has held up in my social group. the people that i grew up with and went to school with...the ones that could delay instant gratification and had long term goals ended up doing pretty well in life. the ones that didnt have any plans and just went with the flow did poorly and just getting by. also in my life i notice a big difference in performance from when i had goals/vision for my life vs. going through the motions. IMO i think you need to have goals/vision/standards for all the important areas in your life (hobbies,partner,career,family,relationships)
质疑批评该实验及社会科学研究质量,认为研究者的价值预设影响了对结果的解释。
这个特定实验的许多细节让我对社会科学大大降低了信心和兴趣。我受过定量生物学训练;当我看到这类研究时,会看到一长串“可能出错、导致研究者错误地得出其假设为真”的问题。但在这个案例里,我认为研究者其实并不够在意做高质量研究——他们只是从一种道德信念或价值判断出发,做了个实验,并选择把结果解释成支持自己的“假设”。而社会科学的性质使得真正做一个“诚实的实验”非常困难。
dekhn查看英文原文
Many details of this particular experiment made me greatly reduce my confidence and interest in social science. I was trained up in quantitative biology- and when I look at studies like this, I see a long list of "things that could go wrong, leading the investigator to falsely conclude their hypothesis is true". But in this case, I think the investigator actually didn't care enough about doing high quality research- they simply started with a moral belief/value judgement and ran an experiment and chose to interpret the results to support their "hypothesis". And the nature of social science is such that it's really hard to truly run an "honest experiment".
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