经济与社会科学2022nber.org
1695 年以来钉子的价格
The Price of Nails Since 1695
进阶 · 约 60 分钟读完前置知识:实际价格与通胀调整、基本经济学概念、美国经济史
导读
这篇 NBER 论文以钉子为案例,追踪 1695 年以来的长期价格,试图用这种形态变化较小、生产方式变化很大的基础制造品来观察实际价格、生产率和劳动成本的历史变化。评论者将其结论概括为:钉子实际价格长期下降,但近几十年因劳动和服务成本上升而回升;评论还指出论文数据以美国为中心,并讨论了 cut nails 等细节。
HN 关注点:用钉子这种基础制造品做三百年长期价格/生产率史是否可行,以及近年价格因劳动成本回升、美国中心偏差和 cut/wire nails 差异等讨论。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里:质疑 1 补充 3
补充评论者总结论文结论:钉子实际价格近年回升,主因劳动/服务成本上升,但消费者因整体变富而感受不明显。
如果我没理解错:钉子在实际价格上长期变得更便宜后,又开始变贵了(2022 年同样多的钱买到的钉子比 1992 年少)。这一成本上升的主要驱动因素是更贵的劳动和服务——本质上,购买人类时间变得更贵。普通消费者不太可能感受到这种上涨,因为个人和国家都更富了,增加的成本是从更大的资金池里出的。这是对现状的合理总结吗?
CSMastermind查看英文原文
If I'm reading this correctly: - After a long period of getting cheaper in real terms, nails have started to get more expensive (you get less nail for your money in 2022 than you did in 1992). - The main driver of this cost increase is more expensive labor and services, essentially human time is becoming more expensive to purchase. - This rise is cost is unlikely to be felt by the average consumer because we have both on an individual level and as a nation have gotten wealthier so that increased cost is coming out of a larger pool of money. Is that a fair summary of the current state of things?
补充cut nails 与 wire nails 存在性能/价格取舍,且美国 penny 尺寸仍保留历史成本含义。
论文说“为什么是钉子?它们是基础制造品,过去三个世纪形态和质量变化相对较小”——这对钉子可能比对很多其他东西更成立。但看细节也有问题:老式 cut nails 在某些应用中比 wire nails 更好,却更贵;文章讨论了这些,但我希望它也追踪 cut nails 到今天的价格。另一个有趣的点是,尽管价格波动,美国钉子尺寸仍通常用 pence 表示(对应历史上某个时点的钉子成本),例如 4d 钉在长度和直径上比 2d 钉大约大 50%。
dan-robertson查看英文原文
> Why nails? They are a basic manufactured product whose form and quality have changed relatively little over the last three centuries This is probably more true for nails than many other things. It also has problems when looking at the details with (older style) cut nails working better than wire nails in some applications but being more expensive. The article discusses these but I would have liked it if the article had tracked the price of cut nails to the present too. Another amusing nail thing is that, despite the fluctuating price, nail sizes in the US are still typically given in pence (ie corresponding to the cost of the nails at some time in history) where eg a 4d nail is about 50% larger than a 2d nail in length and diameter.
质疑批评样本美国中心,建议用欧洲作对照以降低地理剧变带来的偏差。
我觉得这篇文章有启发性且有趣。要指出的一个缺点是它美国中心;虽然那个时期钉子本身变化不大,但美国是在殖民者定居过程中由各州形成的,这是一个非常具破坏性的地理阶段。对同一时期的欧洲做类似研究可能更有用:民族国家形成和工业革命当然是重大社会经济活动,但相对变化较小。
shanecoughlan查看英文原文
I found this to be an enlightening and fun article. The one negative I would flag is that it is US-centric and - while nails did not change much during that period - the US was created as a collection of states while being settled by colonizers. That was a very disruptive geographic phase. It would probably be more useful to have run a similar study against Europe during this period. While the formation of nation states and the industrial revolution would be substantial socio-economic activities, the relative change was less.
补充传统 cut nails 靠楔形剪切木纤维固定,优于易劈裂木材的尖头 wire nails。
一周前我了解到,传统 cut(矩形)钉在很多用途上比 wire nails 好用得多。方形端部会剪断木纤维并形成楔子,比尖头 wire nails 更好地把钉子锁在木头里;尖头只会把纤维推到一边,常常导致木材开裂。视频:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rwcGXIORro
mikewarot查看英文原文
I learned a week ago that traditional cut [rectangular] nails work far better than wire nails for many uses. The squared ends shear off grain and make it into a wedge locking the nails in place far better than wire nails with pointy tips that simply shove the grains aside, often causing the wood to split. Here's the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rwcGXIORro
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