神经科学与心理学2021nature.com
狗能区分人类的故意与非故意行为
Dogs distinguish human intentional and unintentional action
入门 · 约 30 分钟读完前置知识：动物行为学基础、实验设计基础
导读
这篇论文研究狗能否区分人类的有意动作与无意动作（如故意投喂 vs 意外掉落食物）。实验表明狗对两种情境的反应不同，说明它们能感知行为背后的意图，这种区分能力此前被认为需要较高级的认知。
HN 关注点：动物认知与心智理论问题，讨论焦点是狗（乃至动物）对人类意图的理解到底有多深，以及这类研究是否低估了动物的常识。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里：质疑 1 补充 1 亲历 2
亲历亲历故事：狗能时隔多年在几秒内认出一首与亡故伙伴相关的歌，显示其惊人的记忆与联想能力
大约10年前我和妻子领养了两只猎犬。妻子以前爱逗狗嚎叫，后来这变成了听指令的行为。她发现 Warren Zevon 的《Werewolves of London》，会在特定段落命令狗"唱歌"，两只狗就一起嚎叫。约7年前，母犬因骨癌去世，我们又救了一只新灰犬，妻子因为伤心再没放过这首歌。大约一年后，我在播放列表里无意放到了这首歌，前奏刚响起，那只公犬立刻跳上窗边的扶手椅，疯狂朝窗外看，嚎叫并在屋里四处"寻找"——大概是在找去世的伙伴。我们都哭了。狗能在几年没听过之后，从成千上万首歌中，在几秒内认出这首歌，我真是震惊。
raffraffraff查看英文原文
About 10 years ago my wife and I got two recues. A female greyhound and a male lurcher (who basically looked like a greyhound). My wife used to try to get our dogs to howl, because she thought it was funny. It turned into something they would do on command. Anyway, about 8 years ago my wife discovered the song "Werewolves of London" by Warren Zevon. At the appropriate parts of the song, she would command our dogs to "sing", and they'd both howl. Yes, hilarious. Anyway, about 7 years ago the greyhound got osteosarcoma, a painful bone cancer, and we had to put her to sleep. The lurcher was extremely lonely, so we rescued another greyhound. My wife didn't put the Werewolves song on again, because it made her feel sad. Fast forward about a year, and we're both in the house doing whatever, and I put on a playlist, not realising the song was in it. As soon as the first bar of the song played, the lurcher jumped up onto the armchair at our front window, frantically looking into the park out front, howled, and ran around the house "searching", presumably for Pasha. Tears, obviously. But also the realisation that a dog can recognise a song, years after last hearing it, in a sea of thousands of other songs. And within the first few seconds of it playing. Honestly, I was astonished.
亲历受虐犬对意外触碰仍表现出恐惧，说明创伤会覆盖对意图的正常判断
很多宠物主人都见过这种行为。同样值得注意的是，当动物的反应与意图不符时，能轻易察觉其创伤。我今年收养了一只受虐的狗，它平时表现与论文所述一致，能区分意外接触。但比如扫地时轻轻碰到它，它会立刻躲藏甚至吓到尿失禁。看来它幼时曾被棍棒之类的打过。可怜的孩子。
DanielVZ查看英文原文
Many pet owners have seen this behaviour, and what I find note worthy too is that that trauma can be easily detected when the animal doesn't react according to intention. Anecdotically, I adopted a mistreated dog this year. He's a really good boy, and shows the exact same behaviour the paper states regarding accidental interactions in general. But if you are for example brooming and slightly touch him, he immediately hides and may even piss himself. It seems to me that he was beaten up with some kind of stick when he was just a puppy. Poor boy :(
补充引用霍姆斯：法律思想早已承认动物也能区分故意与过失
"连狗都能区分被人绊倒和被人踢。"——奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯《普通法》第一讲"早期责任形式"（1909年）。
jlushbough查看英文原文
Even a dog distinguishes between being stumbled over and being kicked. "Early Forms of Liability," Lecture I from The Common Law. (1909). Oliver Wendell Holmes
质疑质疑这类研究的默认预设是低估动物能力，认为其成为新闻很奇怪
这类"发现"的基本立场似乎总隐含一种假设：自然界是无能和愚笨的。为什么科学家总把最坏的估计当作起点？这类发现凭什么能上头条？我不理解。
beckman466查看英文原文
The base perspective of these types of 'discoveries' always seems to come with an underlying belief or assertion that our natural world is incapable and dumb. Why do these scientists assume the worst as a starting point? What makes these types of discoveries become headlines? I don't get it.
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