经济与社会科学2021eprints.lse.ac.uk
对富人大幅减税的经济后果
The Economic Consequences of Major Tax Cuts for the Rich
进阶 · 约 50 分钟读完前置知识:计量经济学基础、双重差分/合成控制等政策评估方法、收入不平等度量(顶层收入份额、基尼系数)
导读
这篇论文(LSE 国际不平等研究所工作论文,作者 Hope 与 Limberg)考察了 18 个 OECD 国家在过去数十年间对富人实施的重大减税改革,发现这类改革会显著提高收入不平等(以税前国民收入中顶层 1% 所占份额衡量),且效应在中期内保持稳定;与此同时,减税对经济增长和失业率没有显著影响。
HN 关注点:这项实证结论:给富人减税既不会带来增长,反而会推高不平等;它也让人重新思考“减税促增长”这一政策叙事的经验依据。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里:质疑 1 补充 3
补充取消遗产税与“美国是精英社会”的说法自相矛盾,因为巨额财富靠继承而非个人能力。
我无法理解,一个人怎么能一边相信美国是精英 meritocracy,一边又推动几乎完全取消遗产税——就像 2018 年税改中所做的那样。你要么允许跨代财富积累,要么自称精英治国,不可能两者兼得。(最富有的 1% 平均继承了 480 万美元。)
otalp查看英文原文
I cannot see how someone can believe America is a meritocracy while at the same time pushing to almost completely remove estate taxes, as was done during the 2018 tax cuts. You can either allow inter-generational wealth to build, or claim to be a meritocracy; not both. The Wealthiest 1% Inherited An Average Of $4.8 Million: https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2017/10/10/the-wealthiest-1-inherited-an-average-of-4-8-million/
补充引用论文核心结论:富人减税加剧不平等,但不影响增长与就业。
论文原文:“我们发现,削减富人税负的重大改革会提高收入不平等,以税前国民收入中顶层 1% 的份额衡量;这一效应在中期内保持稳定。相反,这类改革对经济增长和失业没有任何显著影响。”
mhoad查看英文原文
“We find that major reforms reducing taxes on the rich lead to higher income inequality as measured by the top 1% share of pre-tax national income. The effect remains stable in the medium term. In contrast, such reforms do not have any significant effect on economic growth and unemployment.”
质疑富人从任何所得税减免中按绝对金额获益更多是结构性现象,不能自动当作恶意证据。
我不富裕,也不支持给富人减税,但意识形态化的税改评论常常忽略一点:几乎所有能想到的所得税减免,按绝对金额算都会不成比例地惠及富人,即使按比例他们缴得更多。比如,哪怕唯一改动是把最低税档的税率从 10% 降到 0%,富人获益也比最穷的人多,因为富人会把这一税档用满,而穷人用不满。所以,一项减税方案若结果惠及富人,并不一定意味着提案者心怀不轨,更可能是他们真信低税有利于经济、小政府更有效。我自己偏左,但我觉得在这方面不同意识形态之间需要一些相互理解。
stdbrouw查看英文原文
I'm not rich and not a proponent of tax cuts for the rich, but there's one bit of insight that ideologically flavored reviews of tax reforms often seem to miss: almost any imaginable (income) tax cut will disproportionally favor the rich in absolute terms, even if proportionally they pay more. For example, even if the only change you make is to drop the rate on the very lowest tax bracket from 10% to 0%, the rich will benefit more than the very poorest because the rich will max out that tax bracket but the poor won't. Therefore, if someone proposes a tax cut and it turns out that it benefits the rich, that doesn't mean they have some nefarious scheme in mind, more likely they genuinely believe that lower taxes help the economy or that a smaller government works better. I'm a bit of a leftie myself, but this is one area where I think it'd be nice to have some mutual understanding between different ideologies.
补充反过来看,论文也暗示高税支撑的政府支出同样没有带来增长。
我还在读这篇论文,但觉得它很有意思。对它的常见反应大概会是“减税不好,因为显然没能刺激增长”。然而真正有趣的是它的反事实:从纯宏观角度看,加税换来的政府支出……对经济增长毫无作用。(注:这并不削弱再分配在人道与伦理层面的论据,那部分留给别人讨论。)
Tyrek查看英文原文
I'm still working through the paper, but this is actually an interesting one to me - The common response to this paper will likely fall along the lines of 'Tax cuts bad because it clearly doesn't stimulate growth'. However, the counterfactual is more interesting here - it suggests that, from a purely macro perspective, that the spending enabled by higher taxes...does nothing for economic growth. (Note: this does not detract from the humane/ethical argument of redistribution, which I leave for others to cover)
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