经济与社会科学2019papers.ssrn.com
为什么一些社会比其他社会更具创业精神？
Why Are Some Societies More Entrepreneurial than Others?
进阶 · 约 45 分钟读完前置知识：创业研究基础、制度经济学、跨文化比较
导读
这篇论文探讨为什么有些社会比其他社会更具创业精神，可能从文化、制度和历史等角度解释不同社会在创业活跃度上的差异。标题指向的是跨国比较性的问题，但摘要未给出，具体方法与结论无法确认。
HN 关注点：HN 读者围绕「创业精神差异究竟源于制度还是文化」展开争论，并用亲身经历和各地区案例互相印证或反驳。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里：支持 1 质疑 1 补充 1 亲历 1
补充推荐《国家为什么会失败》，主张制度（榨取 vs 包容）是创业活跃度差异的主因。
有本好书叫《国家为什么会失败》，作者认为榨取型经济政策（腐败的政府）本质上会打击创业企业的积极性，而包容型政策则让它们繁荣。他们用这个论点反驳《枪炮、病菌与钢铁》，来解释相似环境下不同国家间巨大的经济差异。
kayaeb查看英文原文
There's a good book on this called "Why Nations Fail," [1] they posit that extractive economic policies (corrupted governments) essentially de-incentivize entrepreneurial businesses, while inclusive policies cause them to thrive. They use this argument to counter "Guns, Germs, and Steel" [2] to explain dramatic economic differences across country borders in similar environments. [1] https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12158480-why-nations-fail?from_search=true [2] https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1842.Guns_Germs_and_Steel?from_search=true
支持以印度古吉拉特/马尔瓦里社群为例，论证文化价值观（打工羞耻、ownership 自豪）独立于制度影响创业精神。
我的回答是响亮的「是」。在印度各邦层面看，这个现象再明显不过：古吉拉特人和马尔瓦里人远比印度其他群体更富创业精神，而所有群体受同样的联邦法规约束。从我与这些群体朋友的交谈来看，原因似乎很自然地浮现：不替别人打工这件事有文化分量， ownership 带来的文化自豪感在其他群体中基本不存在。反过来，马哈拉施特拉人似乎更看重工作与生活的分离，能不为自己的生意操心、知道每月会有一笔可靠的钱进账，被认为很重要。即使处在其他地理、政治、经济变量之下，这些根本差异依然会显现。
screye查看英文原文
The answer is a resounding yes from me. The phenomenon cannot be more obvious when viewed at state levels in India. The Gujarati and Marwadi communities are far more enterprising than others in India. This is while the federal rules that all communities live under remain the same. Anecdotally, the cause for this seems to neatly fall out of my conversations with friends from these communities. There is cultural weight to being a person who doesn't work for someone else. There is cultural pride in ownership that does not exist in most others. On the other hand, Maharashtrians seem to value being able to separate work and life. Being able to sleep without worrying about your enterprise and knowing that the same reliable amount will be deposited in your account every month is considered important. These fundamental differences manifest even when people live under other geographical, political and economical variables.
质疑用张夏准《踢开梯子》中 1860 年代日本「懒惰」的记载说明所谓文化特质可能是资源约束的结果。
韩国经济学家张夏准在很有意思的《踢开梯子》一书中引用了 1860 年代首次接触日本的美国商人：他们都惊叹日本人多么懒惰，很意外吧？事实是 1860 年代的日本缺乏各种资源，尤其是自然资源。没有资源，你很难自我启动——就算有足够的工人和付工资的钱，没有木材、灰泥和砖，你也建不起房子。所以还不如什么都不做，或者做点不需要太多东西的事，比如玩音乐、写诗。
wazoox查看英文原文
In his very interesting book "Kicking away the ladder", the Korean economist Han Joon-Chang quotes US merchants discovering Japan for the first time in the 1860s. They all marvelled at how lazy the Japanese were. Surprising, isn't it? Fact is that 1860's Japan lacked all sort of resources, particularly natural ones. In the absence of resources, there isn't much that you can do to bootstrap yourself. With all the workers you need and the money to pay them, you can't build a house if there isn't any timber, mortar and bricks. Therefore, you're better off simply doing nothing, or things that don't require much, like playing music and writing poetry.
亲历亲历者讲述本社群把「走捷径」视为懒惰、嘲笑创新，导致错失机会，强调拥抱变化的文化态度。
我可以告诉你为什么我的社会不具创业精神。我们基本上认为一切都应该很难，并鄙视那些看起来在走捷径的人。这种态度在技术出现之前对我们有利，现在却成了阻碍。举个例子：就在 50 到 70 年前，我们还在自给自足地务农，用大约 40 厘米长柄的锄头耕地，干活时要长时间弯腰。邻近一个部落把锄头柄加长了，干活更直，可能也更省力。我们部落的反应是称对方懒惰。直到今天，面对新事物我们仍是这种反应：大量怀疑，嘲笑敢于引入新事物的人。等我们终于接受时，与之相关的机会早已被少数创业者占尽。当然也有例外，但少之又少。我们是很棒的劳动力和军队（部族战争年代），但在现代世界我们正被落下。所以简而言之，有些社会可能比其他社会更善于拥抱变化。
mmsimanga查看英文原文
I can tell you why my society isn't entrepreneurial. We basically believe everything should be hard and we frown upon people who appear to be taking short cuts. This attitude served us well before the advent of technology but now it just gets in the way. Let me give an example. As recently as 50-70 years ago we lived a subsistence way of farming. Working the land was done using a hoe with a handle that is about 40cm long. Working the fields meant a lot of time bent over. One of the neighboring tribes decided to lengthen the handle of their hoes meaning they worked more upright. Probably had more mechanical advantage. Our reaction as a tribe was to call the other tribe lazy. To this day this is how we react when something new is introduced, loads of skepticism and derision of the person who dares introduce something new. By the time we come around to embracing whatever it is all the opportunities associated with the new technology have been taken up by the very few entrepreneurs. Normal from outside the region. Off course they are exceptions but these are far and few between. We make for a great workforce and we made for a great army back in the day when tribal wars were a thing. In this modern world we are getting left behind. So I guess in a nutshell some societies probably embrace change better than others.
历次讨论
- 2019Hacker News 讨论帖155 分 · 123 评
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