安全与密码学2017randomwalker.info
利用社交网络去匿名化网页浏览数据
De-Anonymizing Web Browsing Data with Social Networks
进阶 · 约 45 分钟读完前置知识:概率统计基础、数据去匿名化概念、社交网络公开数据
导读
这篇论文研究如何利用社交网络中的公开信息去匿名化网页浏览数据:将匿名浏览记录与用户在社交平台公开分享的链接等特征进行匹配,从而识别出具体个人。评论指出,这类基于浏览/行为指纹的识别在大型数据集中往往简单且可靠,说明匿名数据一旦与其他数据集结合就很难真正匿名。
HN 关注点:匿名浏览数据被重新识别的现实风险,以及普通用户如何通过隔离会话、屏蔽社交插件等方式防御。
后来怎么样
该论文成为“匿名浏览记录可与社交网络数据关联重识别”的代表性实证,引出了后续关于浏览指纹与数据合并重识别的研究,并常被隐私政策讨论引用。
HN 评论精选
这几条评论里:支持 1 补充 2 亲历 1
亲历亲历者演示了用公开社交数据从百万级数据集中重识别匿名用户,并认为行为指纹比 cookie 更可靠。
在 33c3 上我演示过:在一个包含 300 万人的数据集里,利用某人 Twitter 时间线中公开发布的链接,常常能唯一识别出一个匿名用户。我也演示了用其他公开信息做到这一点,比如 YouTube 视频评分或 Google Maps 评论。背后的数学很简单,对许多数据集都很可靠,因此很容易基于浏览/位置/行为数据构建稳健指纹。我认为这正是如今大多数大公司用来识别用户的方式,因为它比基于 cookie 的机制更稳健,而随着多设备和拦截器普及,cookie 机制正变得越来越无效。视频链接:https://media.ccc.de/v/33c3-8034-build_your_own_nsa
ThePhysicist查看英文原文
At the 33c3 I showed how you can often uniquely identify a single anonymized user from a dataset containing three million people by using publicly posted links from his/her Twitter timeline. I also showed that this is possible with other types of public information as well, such as YouTube video ratings or reviews on Google Maps. The math behind it is quite simple and very reliable for many datasets, which makes it very easy to build robust fingerprints based on browsing / location / behavior data. In my opinion, this is what most big companies rely on today for identifying users, as this is more robust than cookie-based mechanisms, which become more ineffective as the use of multiple devices and blockers increases. Here's the link to the video (you can choose the language in the menu, by default it's German but the talk is also available in English and French): https://media.ccc.de/v/33c3-8034-build_your_own_nsa
补充用户可通过隔离会话和屏蔽第三方社交组件来降低被这类重识别攻击的风险。
这正是我浏览时使用隔离会话的原因。如今我会对上网行为做 compartmentalization,就是因为这类攻击(身份和其他浏览痕迹溢出到偶然/随意/随机浏览中)。Mozilla 很快也会在 Firefox 中推出这种策略[1]。另一种减少数据被收集的办法是直接禁用 Facebook 点赞按钮和 Twitter 分享按钮,因为这些组件会在你浏览网页时跟踪你。可以在 uBlock Origin[2] 的“3rd party filters”标签中,同时选择 Fanboy's annoyance 过滤列表和 Anti-ThirdpartySocial 过滤列表来实现。
spaceboy查看英文原文
This is why I use isolated sessions when browsing. I compartment my surfing these days because of this exact type of attack (identities and other browsing artifacts spilling over into serendipitous/casual/random browsing). Mozilla are even going to ship this strategy in Firefox soon[1]. Another strategy to lessen the amount of data collected on you is to outright disable Facebook like buttons and Twitter share buttons, because these widgets track you as you navigate around the web. This can be done in uBlock origin[2] under the '3rd party filters' tab and selecting Fanboy's annoyance filter list alongside Anti-ThirdpartySocial filter list. [1]: https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Contextual_Identity_Project/Containers > Individuals behave differently in the world when they are in different contexts. The way they act at work may differ from how they act with their family. Similarly, users have different contexts when they browse the web. They may not want to mix their social network context with their work context. The goal of this project is to allow users to separate these different contexts while browsing the web on Firefox. Each context will have its own local state which is separated from the state of other contexts [2] https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock
支持匿名数据一旦与其他数据集结合就可能被去匿名化,所谓匿名并不可靠。
正如我一直提醒的,不存在所谓“匿名数据”——只有“在与其他数据集结合之前匿名”的数据。感谢这个演示,也感谢 MaruizioP 发出来。
TeMPOraL查看英文原文
As I keep reminding here, there's no such thing as "anonymized data" - there's only "anonymized until combined with other data sets". Thanks for a demonstration, and thanks 'MaruizioP for posting this.
补充补充了隐私法学者 Paul Ohm 的相关论述:防止 PII 泄露很难,数据集合并后重识别却很容易。
相关阅读:Paul Ohm 的《Broken Promises of Privacy》:http://paulohm.com/classes/infopriv13/files/week8/ExcerptOhmBrokenPromises.pdf 。不泄露个人可识别信息极其困难,而结合数据集来识别唯一个体却相当容易。
jacquesm查看英文原文
Related reading, Paul Ohm, Broken promises of privacy: http://paulohm.com/classes/infopriv13/files/week8/ExcerptOhmBrokenPromises.pdf It is extremely hard not leak personally identifying information and combining datasets it is fairly easy to identify unique individual.
相关资源
从这篇论文所有 HN 讨论帖的全部评论里整理出来的链接。
历次讨论
- 2017Hacker News 讨论帖215 分 · 51 评
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